Appendix B: List of figures

Figure 1.1: PC to LAN configuration

Figure 1.2: Telephone to PC to LAN configuration

Figure 1.3: Telephone to gateway configuration

Figure 1.4: VoIP process for virtual environments

Figure 2.1: Example of layered design [9]

Figure 2.2: OSI seven layer model

Figure 2.3: TCP/IP four layer model

Figure 2.4: IP header format

Figure 2.5: The TOS field [19]

Figure 2.6: Classes of IP addresses [34]

Figure 2.7: UDP header

Figure 2.8: IPv6 header [21]

Figure 3.1: Sampling and quantisation

Figure 3.2: Buffering to avoid jitter

Figure 3.3: Types of delay

Figure 4.1: Mean Opinion Score (MOS) [23]

Figure 4.2: Binary tree example

Figure 4.3: Huffman tree construction

Figure 4.4: A typical Haar wavelet

Figure 4.5: The human vocal system (based upon [27] and [15])

Figure 4.6: LPC vocal tract model [25]

Figure 5.1: The RTP header [30]

Figure 5.2: Reservation example

Figure 6.1: Multicasting example

Figure 6.2: Sound reaching the head

Figure 6.3: Frequency dependence of the ITD

Figure 6.4: Motion parallax

Figure 6.5: Spherical head model [1]

Figure 6.6: Simplified spherical head model

Figure 6.7: Using a mixer for a dial-up link

Figure 7.1: H.323 architecture [14]

Figure 9.1: VoIP framework layout

Figure 10.1: Delay between sampling intervals

Figure 10.2: An Internet telephony application

Figure 10.3: A 3D environment

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